Notes for magnetic effect of electric current chapter of class 10 science. Dronstudy provides free comprehensive chapterwise class 10 Science notes with proper images & diagram.
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MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
To understand Magnetic effect of current, first we should know what is the Magnet?
Magnet
A Magnet is an object which attracts pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt i.e. it applies force on these objects. It has various types. The most common are -
Hence, like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other.
Magnetic compass
It is an instrument consisting of base and a needle. The needle has north and south tip whose north tip is painted red (generally). The needle gets deflected when close to magnet and it gives the direction of Magnetic field.
What is magnetic field?
The space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic force can be experienced is called magnetic field. It has both magnitude as well as direction.
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Magnetic Field Lines
To describe magnetic field, we need to draw magnetic field lines.
Magnetic field lines are the lines drawn in a magnetic field along which a north magnetic pole would move.
Take a bar Magnet and put it on a cardboard. Sprinkle iron fillings around the bar magnet. Bar magnet applies force on iron fillings scattered on the cardboard. Due to this force they move and re-arrange themselves in a pattern.
In other words we can say that “magnet creates magnetic field in it’s vicinity. This magnetic field applies force on iron fillings and a pattern is made.”
Drawing Magnetic Field Lines using Magnetic Compass Needle and Bar Magnet
Take a Bar magnet. Put the compass needle nearby. The north pole of the magnet will attract the south tip of the compass needle. Move the compass needle slowly and mark the points. Now join all the points from north to South Pole. This will give the direction of Magnetic field.
Thus, we can also say that,
The direction of magnetic field at a point is the direction of resultant force acting on a hypothetical north pole placed at that point.
Properties of Magnetic Field Lines
Note: Magnetic field lines never intersect each other because resultant force at North Pole can only be in one direction. Had the lines intersected, it would be in two directions which not possible.
Magnetic field due to Current Carrying Wire
A Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian , once performing an experiment saw that a current flowing in a circuit caused deflection of compass needle which was kept near to it.
He then concluded that current carrying wire produces Magnetic field.
Magnetic field lines due to current carrying wire can also be plotted using iron fillings in the same manner as in case of Bar Magnet. Magnitude of magnetic field is directly proportional to current and inversely proportional to the distance from the wire.
Right hand Thumb Rule
To find the direction of Magnetic field, Right Thumb Rule is used.
Right hand thumb rule states that if we hold the current carrying wire in the right hand and if the thumb points towards the current, the direction in which the fingers encircle gives the direction of Magnetic field.
Magnetic Field due to current in solenoid
Solenoid is a long coil containing a large number of close turns of insulated copper wire. The Magnetic field lines of a Bar Magnet are similar to that of solenoid.
The magnetic field inside the solenoid is more but less outside it. Magnetic field inside solenoid is uniform i.e. same everywhere.
Electromagnet
It is a magnet formed by putting a soft iron core inside a current carrying solenoid. It is a temporary magnet as the magnetic effect is lost when there is no current flowing into it.
The polarity of electromagnet can also be changed on changing the direction of current.
Magnetic force on a current carrying wire
If a current carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, then force acts on that wire. This phenomenon was discovered by Ampere. As the direction of current (i) is reversed, the magnetic force also acts in different direction.
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To find out the direction of force, we use Flemmings left hand Rule.
Arrange your fingers of left hand such that the fore finger points towards the direction of magnetic field and centre finger shows the direction of current, then the thumb will show the direction of force or motion.
Electric Motor
Electric Motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Principle:
As current flows in the coil placed in the magnetic field then force is produced that rotates the coil.
Construction:
Working:
Commercial Motor
To make motor more powerful, we modify the construction. The motor so obtained is called commercial motor.
It can be done in these ways:
Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)
Flow of induced current in a coil when a magnetic field changes in the region of coil, this phenomenon is called Electromagnetic Induction.
Whenever there is a change in magnetic field in the region of coil, current flows.
Electromagnetic induction can be demonstrated through various examples.
Example: If there is a relative motion between coil and magnet, then due to change in magnetic field around the coil, current flows. This can be shown below:-
Electromagnetic induction in a straight wire:
When the wire is moved in the magnetic field, then current flows. This current is called induced current.
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Flemmings right hand rule:
Similar to Flemings left hand rule, here we arrange our fore finger, centre finger and thumb of our right hand such that fore finger is in the direction of magnetic field, thumb is in the direction of motion, then centre finger would give the direction of current.
AC and DC
AC refers to Alternating Current. It changes the direction after equal intervals of time.
DC refers to Direct Current. It does not change its direction. It has only one direction.
Electric Generator (Dynamo)
It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Principle:
When a straight wire is moved in magnetic field, induced current flows in it.
There are 2 types of electric generator – AC and DC.
Alternating Current Generator
Construction:
Working:
DC Generator
In case of DC generator, split rings are used instead of full rings and they make the current to flow in single direction. Split rings makes the current ‘i’ to flow in single direction through galvanometer.
Note: The only difference between an AC and a DC generator is in the way the two ends of generator coil are linked to the outer circuit.
Domestic electric circuits
To understand the domestic electric circuits or domestic wiring, we should know what is a fuse?
Fuse: A device to control the amount of current flowing in the circuit.
If current is more than the rated value, the fuse melts i.e. the circuit gets incomplete and thus over flow of current is avoided into the house.
How electricity reach our home?
The potential difference between live wire and ground wire is about 220 V.
Insulation of wire can be damaged due to:
If an insulation break of the live wire and it comes in contact with metallic body of an appliance, it can be very dangerous.
If live wire comes in contact with metallic body of an appliance, it can be very dangerous. On touching the body, we can get electric shock. But if ground wire touches the metallic body of appliance, any current through live wire flows through ground wire. It does not flow through our body.
Note: Ground wire goes to all appliances having metallic body.
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